RESPIRATORY SYSTEM EXAM

1.    Air moves into the lungs because

A.      the thorax is muscular.

B.      the gas pressure in the lungs becomes less than outside pressure as the diaphragm contracts.

C.      the volume of the lungs decreases with inspiration.

D.      contraction of the diaphragm decreases the volume of the pleural cavity.

E.       the internal intercostals muscles decrease the thoracic cavity volume.

ANSWER : the gas pressure in the lungs becomes less than outside pressure as the diaphragm contracts.

2.    Alveolar ventilation rate is

A.      the utilization of oxygen by alveolar cells to support metabolism.

B.      the movement of air into and out of the alveoli during a particular time.

C.      less than pulmonary ventilation due to dead space.

D.      the movement of dissolved gases from the alveoli to the blood.

E.       movement of dissolved gases from the blood to the alveoli.

ANSWER : the movement of air into and out of the alveoli during a particular time.

3.    Hemoglobin has a tendency to release oxygen where

A.      partial pressures of oxygen are higher.

B.      pH is more alkaline.

C.      pH is more acidic.

D.      partial pressures of carbon dioxide are lower.

E.       temperature is lower.

ANSWER : pH is more acidic.

4.         In the alveoli, the partial pressure of oxygen is

A.      equal with that in the tissues.

B.      much higher than the PO2 for arterial blood.

C.      the same as PO2 for venous blood.

D.      about 104 mmHg.

E.       lower than the PO2 of venous blood.

ANSWER : about 104 mmHg

5.    Most of the carbon dioxide transported by the blood is

A.      dissolved in plasma.

B.      bound to the same protein as carbon dioxide.

C.      bound to hemoglobin.

D.      converted to bicarbonate ions and transported in plasma.

E.       carried by white blood cells.

ANSWER : converted to bicarbonate ions and transported in plasma.

6.    The elastic cartilage that shields the opening to the larynx during swallowing is the

A.      thyroid cartilage.

B.      corniculate cartilage.

C.      cricoid cartilage.

D.      epiglottis.

E.       cuneiform cartilage.

ANSWER : epiglottis.

7.    The movement of air into and out of the lungs is called

A.      external respiration.

B.      pulmonary ventilation.

C.      oxidative phosphorylation.

D.      internal respiration.

E.       cellular respiration.

ANSWER : pulmonary ventilation.

8.    This tissue lines the trachea.

A.      Simple squamous epithelium

B.      Stratified squamous epithelium

C.      Pseudostratified columnar epithelium

D.      Areolar connective tissue

E.       Hyaline cartilage

ANSWER : Pseudostratified columnar epithelium

9.    Which respiratory measurement is normally the greatest?

A.      Inspiratory capacity

B.      Residual volume

C.      Expiratory reserve volume

D.      Vital capacity

E.       Tidal volume

ANSWER : Vital capacity

10. Which respiratory structure has the smallest diameter?

A.      Bronchiole

B.      Pharynx

C.      Larynx

D.      Bronchi

E.       Trachea

ANSWER : -Bronchiole

11. Involuntary hyperventilation during an anxiety attack may cause the person to become faint due to

A.      increased temperature due to increased intercostals muscle activity.

B.      decreasing O2 levels in the blood causing cells to NOT have enough ATP.

C.      effects of increased O2 levels in the blood and consequent constriction of cerebral blood vessels.

D.      lowering CO2 levels in the blood and consequent constriction of cerebral blood vessels.

E.       Increasing CO2 levels due to increase in cellular respiration, reducing brain perfusion and causing ischemia

ANSWER : lowering CO2 levels in the blood and consequent constriction of cerebral blood vessels.

12. Which of the following gases has no effect in the blood until hyperbaric conditions occur (as in SCUBA diving when one stays down too long at great depths), then a condition called ""rapture of the deep"" occurs, producing a narcotic-like effect as this gas interacts with other blood chemicals?

A.      Oxygen

B.      Nitrogen

C.      Carbon dioxide

D.      Helium

E.       Carbon monoxide

ANSWER : Nitrogen

13. Which of the following terms describes the increase in depth and force of breathing that occurs during vigorous exercise?

A.      Hyperventilation

B.      Hyperapnea

C.      Hypercapnia

D.      Hypoxia

E.       Anoxia

ANSWER : Hyperapnea

14. About 20% of carbon dioxide is transported in the blood as

A.      dissolved gas in the plasma.

B.      hydrogen ions.

C.      bicarbonate ions.

D.      carbaminohemoglobin.

E.       oxyhemoglobin.

ANSWER : carbaminohemoglobin.

15. Which of the following controls the respiratory rate?

A.      Medulla

B.      Pons

C.      Alveolar sacs

D.      Cerebral cortex

E.       Spinal cord

ANSWER : Medulla

16. Which of the following is NOT a direct function of the respiratory system?

A.      Internal respiration

B.      Contraction of the diaphragm

C.      External respiration

D.      Inspiration

E.       Expiration

ANSWER : Internal respiration

17. Which of the following is NOT a function of the conducting zone?

A.      Cleansing of air

B.      Warming of air

C.      Gas exchange

D.      Transport of air

E.       Mucous secretion

ANSWER : Gas exchange

18. Which of the following functions is not performed by the respiratory system?

A.      internal respiration

B.      external respiration

C.      breathing

D.      pulmonary ventilation

E.       Gas exchange

ANSWER : internal respiration

19. The philtrum of the nose is the part that is located

A.      on the anterior margin.

B.      between the eyebrows.

C.      inferior to the apex.

D.      superior to the alae.

ANSWER : inferior to the apex.

20. The tubular tonsils arch over the opening to the

A.      layryngopharynx

B.      pharyngotympanic tubes.

C.      nasopharynx.

D.      oropharynx.

ANSWER : pharyngotympanic tubes.

21. The ____________ cartilage is connected to the vocal cords.

A.      corniculate

B.      thyroid

C.      cuneiform

D.      cricoid

ANSWER : corniculate

22. Which of the following statements about voice production is incorrect?

A.      The glottis is wide when deep tones are produced.

B.      The larynx enlarges in males during puberty.

C.      The more tense the vocal cords, the higher the pitch.

D.      Loudness of voice depends on the size of the vocal cords.

ANSWER : Loudness of voice depends on the size of the vocal cords.

23.     Which of the following is not a function of the trachealis muscle?

A.      It prevents the trachea from collapsing and keeps it patent despite the pressure changes that take place during breathing.

B.      It allows the esophagus to expand anteriorly when food is swallowed.

C.      It decreases the diameter during expiration to expel air with a greater force.

D.      It helps expel mucus during coughing.

ANSWER : It prevents the trachea from collapsing and keeps it patent despite the pressure changes that take place during breathing

24. The smallest subdivision of the lung that is visible to the naked eye is the

A.      bronchiole.

B.      lobe.

C.      alveolus.

D.      lobule.

ANSWER : lobule.

25. An example of an enzyme located in the lung capillary membrane that acts on material in the blood is

A.      prostoglandins.

B.      renin

C.      angiotensin converting enzyme.

D.      interferon.

ANSWER : angiotensin converting enzyme.

26.______________ pressure keeps the air spaces in the lung opened.

A.      Intrapulmonary

B.      Transpulmonary

C.      Intrapleural

D.      Atmospheric

ANSWER : Transpulmonary

27.Which of the following conditions would not cause atelectasis?

A.      plugging of bronchioli

B.      a chest wound that perforates the pleura and allows air into the pleural cavity

C.      after pneumonia

D.      smoking

ANSWER : smoking

28.Airway resistance is insignificant in relationship to gas flow because

A.      as the airways get smaller they branch more which results in a huge total cross-sectional area.

B.      the gas flow stops in the medium-sized bronchioles and diffusion takes over; therefore, airway resistance is no longer an issue.

C.      in the respiratory system the airway resistance is not related to the diameter of the conducting tubes.

D.      the blood flow is very high in comparison to the viscosity of air.

ANSWER : as the airways get smaller they branch more which results in a huge total cross-sectional area.

29.All of the following would diminish lung compliance except

A.      tuberculosis.

B.      increase in the production of surfactant.

C.      an increase in alveolar surface tension.

D.      chronic inflammation.

ANSWER : increase in the production of surfactant.

30.The transpulmonary pressure is the difference between the ____________ and the __________ pressure.

A.      intrapulmonary; intrapleural

B.      intrapleural; alveolar

C.      atmospheric; intrapulmonary

D.      atmospheric; intrapleural

ANSWER : intrapulmonary; intrapleural

31.Which of the following conditions would not decrease the total respiratory compliance?

A.      thorax deformities

B.      paralysis of the intercostal muscles

C.      increase in lung compliance

D.      calcification of the coastal cartilages

ANSWER : increase in lung compliance

32. Which of the following non-respiratory movements would ventilate all of the alveoli?

A.      crying

B.      sneezing

C.      yawning

D.      hiccups

ANSWER : yawning

33.All of the following would be caused by breathing excessively high concentrations of oxygen for a long period of time except

A.      coma.

B.      production of huge amounts of free radicals.

C.      increased mental function.

D.      oxygen toxicity.

ANSWER : increased mental function.

34.Which of the following would not directly decrease the alveolar surface involved in gas exchange?

A.      emphysema

B.      smoking

C.      tumors of the lung

D.      inflammatory products

ANSWER : smoking

35._____ secreted by endothelium of blood vessel is a well known vasodilator.

A.      CO2

B.      CO

C.      NO

D.      HCO3

ANSWER : NO

36. Which of the following non-respiratory movements is caused by irritation of the diaphragm?

A.      hiccups

B.      crying

C.      coughing

D.      laughing

ANSWER : hiccups

37. The dorsal respiratory group

A.      extends from the brain stem.

B.      is a rhythm generating center.

C.      ends at the pons-medullary junction.

D.      is located dorsally at the root of cranial nerve IX.

ANSWER : is located dorsally at the root of cranial nerve IX.

38. The pontine respiratory group is responsible for all of the following functions except

A.      regulating and modifying the activity of the medullary neurons.

B.      stimulating the contraction of the diaphragm.

C.      causing apneustic breathing if it is damaged.

D.      smoothing out the transition from inspiration to expiration.

ANSWER : stimulating the contraction of the diaphragm.

39. Which of the following statements best describes the mechanism of normal breathing patterns?

A.      It is set by two sets of pacemakers that inhibit each other.

B.      It is set by two sets of pacemakers that excite each other.

C.      It is set by a single pacemaker that stimulates inspiration.

D.      It is set by a single pacemaker that stimulates expiration.

ANSWER : It is set by two sets of pacemakers that inhibit each other.

40. Which of the following would not be found in a "blue bloater"?

A.      pulmonary hypertension

B.      loss of weight

C.      cyanosis

D.      right-sided heart failure

ANSWER : loss of weight